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Sources of international law (Part I) - extract from InforMEA e-learning course

… the former having only two parties and the latter at least two, and often involving global participation. … into force on 1 January 1989, provided that there were at least eleven ratifications of states which were responsible in 1986 for at least two-thirds of the estimated global consumption of the …
01 Jul 2026 Course lesson in Environmental Governance

Compliance under biodiversity - related conventions

… of the requirements for implementing CITES: – designate at least a Management Authority & a Scientific Authority – … include ILC representatives • two ILC representatives, at least one from a developing country, nominated by ILCs, shall serve as observers …
01 Jul 2026 Document in Environmental Governance

Effectiveness of Multilateral Environmental Agreements

… MEAs and the effectiveness of MEA mechanisms that have developed to support implementation, and to monitor … on industries that make refrigerants wanted it delayed at least to 2026. • Developing countries have negotiated …
01 Jul 2026 Document in Environmental Governance

B2 - Equitable and Reasonable Use of Water Resources in Practice

… the boundary. Pursuant to the Boundary Waters Treaty, each country reserved the right to control the use of waters … River Engineering Board, composed of two members from each country. The board set up an Engineering Committee and … often be impossible. However, when both countries have at least the assurance that they are better off with, rather …
01 Jul 2026 Course lesson in Environmental Governance

Compliance under the Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm Conventions

… fund to assist any Party that is a developing country or a country with an economy in transition and is the subject of a … of the 5 UN regional groups • The Committee is to meet at least once between each COP and in conjunction with meetings …
01 Jul 2026 Document in Environmental Governance

Transitioning to a pollution-free planet

… wastewater discharged into freshwater bodies by at least 50 per cent by 2030 14. Adopt and enforce national … of hazardous waste, in particular toxic waste streams from developed to developing countries 34. Increase efforts to … Funds collected in this way can then be placed in a clean country or city fund to address improvements to environment …
01 Jul 2026 Document in Environmental Governance

Principles and concepts of international environmental law (Part 1) - extract from InforMEA e-learning course

… Oposa&sort_by=field_sorting_date&sort_order=DESC&f[0]=field_country%3A190499 4. Responsibility for Transboundary Harm … apons&sort_by=field_sorting_date&sort_order=DESC&f[0]=field_country%3A190336 Sovereignty Stockholm Principle … These concepts also imply that NGOs should be provided at least observer status in international institutions and with …
01 Jul 2026 Course lesson in Environmental Governance

E2 - Prevention of Aquifer Pollution

… the time its effects are felt. Domestic legislation has developed legal responses to each of type of polluting event, … Water quality objectives and threshold values are often developed by domestic legislation to serve as benchmarks. … A significant number of such basin treaties apply (at least formally) to surface and groundwater alike so that …
01 Jul 2026 Course lesson in Environmental Governance

Mr. Michael Frost, Analysis on the situation of Environmental Human Rights Defenders

… (SLAPP) that occur with State complicity or at least disregard. 67% of HRDs murders in Asia were of EHRDs … EHRDs at risk • In almost every affected Latin American country, Government and corporate actors are involved in the … assessments (HRIA) by States and corporations should be developed with the active participation of EHRDs and …
01 Jul 2026 Document in Environmental Governance

Guidelines - Biodiversity in Impact Assessment

… for Impact Assessment concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or … are fully compensated by providing substitutes of at least similar biodiversity value (the latter is often … CBD in 2002, and further elaborated in this document, is developed under auspices of the International Association for …
01 Jul 2026 Document in Environmental Governance