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… deposit-refund, a combined upstream tax and downstream subsidy, and standards. 19. See the Guidance document on …

… farmer’s incomes and national food sovereignty. Such subsidy incentives tend to lead to an ex- pansion of the area …

… on the value added to the genetic resources. So, the tacit subsidy or tilt is pro bioprospecting and contra … designed to ‘counter’ the effects of the foreign export subsidy.”30 The GATT definition of “export subsidy” applies whenever the patented biotechnologies are …