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UN Watercourses Convention User’s Guide

… Fact-finding and inquiry 242 33.1.8 Legal methods of dispute settlement – Arbitration (Annex 1 UNWC) 244 33.1.9 … – Adjudication 249 33.2 Application 257 33.2.1 Dispute resolution scenario 257 33.3 Additional reading 259 Part VII … argued that those vital human needs could be satisfied by alternative supplies of water. Pursuant to the need to …
28 Jun 2026 Document in Marine and Freshwater

International Environmental law-making and Diplomacy Review

… enforcement approach emphasizes legal obligations, binding dispute resolution and (the threat of ) sanctions. In practice, both … of the intention of the Parties, seek to sub- stitute an alternative basis from outside the realm of the law of …
28 Jun 2026 Document in Environmental Governance

MEA Negotiator’s Handbook

… 12. Be prepared for practical necessities, including alternative transportation, alternative meals, and local … 2-22 2.4.14. Dispute settlement … December 2000, the United Nations General Assembly adopted resolution 55/199, in which it decided to embark on a 10-year …
28 Jun 2026 Document in Environmental Governance

Effectiveness of Multilateral Environmental Agreements

… assistance • Capacity building Compliance Review, Dispute Settlements • Non compliance procedures and bodies • Dispute Settlement Mechanisms Outline Expert opinion • … parties to implement the provisions of the Convention. Dispute Settlement Mechanisms For disputes between Parties …
28 Jun 2026 Document in Environmental Governance

UN Treaty Handbook

… 23 4.3 Dispute resolution and compliance mechanisms … Treaty Series, volume 859, p. VIII (see General Assembly resolution 97 (I) of 14 December 1946, as amended by … may declare in writing to the Depositary that for a dispute not resolved in accordance with paragraph 1 or …
28 Jun 2026 Document in Environmental Governance

Guidance on the Practical Application of the Espoo Convention

… 18 3.1 Dispute prevention and settlement (Article 15) … As a last resort the Convention includes a formal legal dispute resolution process. 17. Negotiations can be organised before …
28 Jun 2026 Document in Environmental Governance

Multilateral Environmental Agreements - extract from InforMEA e-learning course

… Non-compliance procedures are best understood as a form of dispute avoidance or alternative dispute resolution, in the sense that resort to binding third party …
28 Jun 2026 Course lesson in Environmental Governance

Special Rapporteur on Human Rights Defenders_2016 Report

… of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment … recently as March 2016, the Human Rights Council adopted resolution 31/32 on protecting defenders addressing economic, … rights defenders. Clauses such as those on investor-State dispute settlements may hinder State efforts to consult with …
28 Jun 2026 Document in Environmental Governance

Mr. Michael Frost, Analysis on the situation of Environmental Human Rights Defenders

… recently as March 2016, the Human Rights Council adopted resolution 31/32 on protecting defenders addressing economic, … on Business and Human Rights 13 The Human Rights Council resolution 26/9 on the elaboration of an international … inadvertently. Clauses such as those on investor-State dispute settlements may hinder State efforts to consult with …
28 Jun 2026 Document in Environmental Governance

Document - Freshwater Law and Governance: Global and Regional Perspectives for Sustainability

… 94 5.5.8. Dispute … 106 5.8.3. Dispute avoidance and settlement … reflects the principles outlined in the United Nations Resolution 63/124 (on the Law of Transboundary Aquifers),56 … are Parties to the Kyoto Protocol and committed to using alternative sources of energy that do not emit high levels of …
28 Jun 2026 Document in Marine and Freshwater