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… deprivation of four years imprisonment or a more serious penalty; or (b) as prescribed by national laws 4 Non-native … the table above it seems that all AMS provide a maximum penalty of 4-years or more, with Singapore being the sole … a poor indicator of deterrence, as the value of the penalty – even in those countries with the highest fines – …

… of at least four years of imprisonment or a more serious penalty.”31 “Seriousness” refers to the penalty foreseen for an offence under domestic law and thus … the legislation. These will often differ from the actual penalty imposed on an offender. The full spectrum of …

… to it.”2 Fig. 1 Share of CITES parties by maximum penalty possible for violation of CITES regulations, 2015 …