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… is both a cause and an effect of political tension and military conflict’:4 On the one hand, environmen- tal … increase the likelihood of conflict;5 and, on the other, military action itself causes en- vironmental degradation.6 … conditions resulting from a change ... caused by a human activity’.22 4 Main obligations The main obligations of the …

… pattern and physical results of past and present human activity (terracing, water storage or drainage structures, … to good agricultural land, presence of government and military complexes, etc. The size, pace, and nature of … that estimates are exaggerated,159 yet policy makers, the military, and governments are increasingly treating this …

… watercourse States to undertake impact assessments for any activity that may cause transboundary harm.94 Taken together … likely or potential environmental impacts of [a] proposed activity.”95 While differing political regimes, regional … which had allegedly already conducted a number of military manoeuvres in proximity to the Toktogul Reservoir in …