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… deprivation of four years imprisonment or a more serious penalty; or (b) as prescribed by national laws 4 Non-native … the table above it seems that all AMS provide a maximum penalty of 4-years or more, with Singapore being the sole … a poor indicator of deterrence, as the value of the penalty – even in those countries with the highest fines – …

… Enforcement Civil Enforcement (violation determined and penalty applied by a court) Administrative Enforcement (violation determined and penalty applied by an administrative agency; usually … and the environment (e.g., in deciding an appropriate penalty in a case.) In conducting an economic valuation, …

… of offences gives the courts the discretion to match the penalty to the seriousness of the offence. 345 346 347 348 … as the local conditions in which it is committed. Keep penalty schedules updated. Subject to legal practice, the … for example, inflation, so that over the years the penalty will remain a relevant deterrent in contemporary …

… (c) scale of use; (d) potential environmental benefit or penalty of substitute materials or activities; (e) advances …