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… 29 2.3. The TRIPs Agreement … mandatory or permissive policy options in a revised TRIPs Agreement ................................................... … II also includes a discussion of so-called “TRIPs plus” bilateral and regional agreements as they relate to plant …

… IPR – Intellectual Property Right MTA – Material Transfer Agreement PGR – Plant Genetic Resources PGRFA – Plant Genetic … forced breeders and farmers to seek access to PGRFA on a bilateral basis and by practical difficulties of negotiating … benefit sharing, thereby avoiding the need to resort to bilateral negotiations over each trans- action. These …

… interests at stake, players managed to come to an agreement on food and agriculture for the sake of food … particularly in relation to the application of any bilateral mechanisms for access, to and sharing of benefits … technical and legal difficulties (Hardon et al, 1994) in bilateral access systems such as those provided under the …

… Principles .............................. 16 2.1.5 The WTO Agreement on … "TRIPS-plus" refers to any requirement, contained in bilateral agreements between Governments, which require … than the TRIPS Agreement. Free trade agreements, bilateral investment treaties, development aid programmes or …

… (CBD), adopted in 1992, is the first international agreement that addresses ABS in its objectives and … a set of predefined ABS standards over having to negotiate bilateral ABS agreements on a case-by-case basis. 60. The … accordance with the CBD.44 Such sharing shall be on MAT. Bilateral case-by-case negotiations of MAT for GRFA may …

… access and benefit-sharing is not based on individual, bilateral agreements, but is regulated through a Multilateral …

… A. National Cancer Institute: Letter of Collection Agreement 247 Appendix B. Source-countries with which NCI has … resources in Latin America: Decision 391 of the Cartagena Agreement 280 7.3.2 National approaches to regulating access … between the contracts (Gollin 2002b); (ii) by negotiating bilateral agreements, one loses the opportunities to have all …

… Jan Engels, Transaction cost of germplasm exchange under bilateral agreements, in Strenghtening partnerships in …