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… greater than any benefit that flows from the violation. A sanction may not be sufficient to offset the advantage … conventions. Its low cost makes it an attractive sanction. It is not clear, however, that the practice is … sanctions it is important to calibrate the severity of the sanction to the gravity of the 35 For environmental human …

… are not sufficient. In effect, this is a reverse trade sanction, requiring countries to give access, even if this is …

… mechanism and contemplating the adoption of a sanction for the administrative fault, possibly delaying the … or incomplete, effective, proportionate and dissuasive sanction is speci- fied, e.g., trebling of the royalty rate … the deterrent effect caused by (non-existent) ABS-derived sanction regimes (at the national or international levels). …

… do not include any specific mention of rescission as a sanction. In the Malawi Procedures, for example, sanctions …

… apply. Article 12.3(a) does not specifically allow nor sanction access for the purpose of direct use by farmers for …