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… other services, such as nursery habitat for fish and other marine species, firewood, building materials and medicine … in Indonesia Along Indonesia’s coastlines, the value of marine and coastal ecosystems in decreasing vulnerability to … some US$ 314 million for coastal erosion prevention. When marine and coastal ecosystems are degraded and these …

… Pam, which hit Vanuatu in 2015, caused severe damage to marine and coastal ecosystems such as coral reefs and … in the periodic grip of El Niño and the many Indian Ocean fishery systems affected by tsunamis and cyclones, the … (annual and perennial), livestock, fisheries (inland and marine fisheries), and aquaculture (Table 1). Given that the …