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… Pam, which hit Vanuatu in 2015, caused severe damage to marine and coastal ecosystems such as coral reefs and … (annual and perennial), livestock, fisheries (inland and marine fisheries), and aquaculture (Table 1). Given that the … by the force of the waves themselves and by the heavy debris and boulders that land on them destroying corals …

… other services, such as nursery habitat for fish and other marine species, firewood, building materials and medicine … in Indonesia Along Indonesia’s coastlines, the value of marine and coastal ecosystems in decreasing vulnerability to … notably prickly pear (Opuntia humifusa); • Dumping of debris from the cleanup into waterways and wetlands created …