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… 19 4.5 Land-use planning and land ownership … in transition is one of first necessity product supply (agricultural products, wood energy and water), erosion, sand … environment in cities. Healthy and environmentally sound agricultural activities and the provision of common land …

… 3.1 Livelihood and market incentives for sustainable land use in natural woodland areas of Kibwezi, … agriculture, open pit mining and the disposal of untreated agricultural and domestic wastes degrade natural systems as … in the course of their economic activity. Examples include agricultural policies which encourage high-input arable …

… 2. Protection and security for occupiers and owners 84 3. Land management 86 4. Land and soil agreements 88 5. Markets … for each type of soil degradation process, for example: ■ Agricultural activities: the improper management of … of primary or secondary forest to convert the forest into agricultural land, palm oil plantations, large-scale …

… 4 2.2. Traditional land-based approaches to water rights … Pleuopneumonia CGIAR Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research CGRFA Commission on Genetic Resources … the Parties DAD Domestic Animal Diversity EAGGF European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund EFSA European Food …

… show that traditional measures overstate the value of the agricultural sector's output by approximately 10%. It is … #7. Allaway, J., & Cox, P. (1989). 'Forests and competing land uses in Kenya', Environmental Management 13 (2):171-187 … forests in Kenya are under heavy pressure from competing agricultural land uses and from unsustainable cutting. The …

… afghanistan were in before local conflicts over water or land turned into civil wars, sexual violence or genocide. nor … a lost opportunity to produce 20 million tons of grain • agricultural yields could fall by up to 50% in some african … drylands and developing countries. about one third of all agricultural land is either highly or moderately degraded. …

… .... Confined Animal Feeding Operations CAP: ...... Common Agricultural Policy CBD: ...... Convention on Biological … DNA: ...... Deoxyribonucleic Acid EAFRD: .. European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development EU: ......... … recognition of sustainable pastoralism as a viable land management option for the world’s rangelands. vi vii …

… CBD Aichi Target 15, the UNFCCC REDD+ goal, and the Rio+20 land degra- dation neutral goal. 4 5 Acknowledgements The … the landscape. In some places, trees may be added to agricultural lands in order to Introduction 16 17 enhance … of restoration opportunities are found on or adjacent to agricultural or pastoral land. In these situations, …

… when numerous upstream landholders dedicate their land to intensive agricultural or cattle-ranching activities, or when forest owners convert their forest land to agricultural land. In these cases, down- stream water …

… in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Forest … halting deforestation may carry costs in terms of lost agricultural and logging opportunities, these are far … our planet by a greater population, by climate change, and land degradation. �e work of the Parties will need to …