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Conferences of the Parties (COP)

25 May 2026 Video in Environmental Governance

Guidance on the Practical Application of the Espoo Convention

… significant adverse transboundary impacts by the affected Party (Article 3.7) 15 2.8 Preparation of the EIA … rumours develop and by letting citizens in the affected Party present their opinions on activities that may have an … due to too complicated or poor organisation within a Party. Clear rules of procedure and with clearly identified …
26 May 2026 Document in Environmental Governance

International Environmental law-making and Diplomacy Review

… ‘comparable’ documentation requirements for trade with non-Party states under Art. X of CITES (Convention on … the responsibility of individual Parties. While each Party will always be required to take measures to give effect … of some MEAs6 has thus moved from simply relying on each Party to play its part in achieving a collective outcome, to …
26 May 2026 Document in Environmental Governance

MEA Negotiator’s Handbook

… only the Parties to a framework convention can become Party to a subsequent protocol (though this depends on the … are binding on all Parties to a treaty (unless a Party has made a valid reservation). To many, this means that … care should be taken to ascertain the intent of another Party. Nonetheless, declarations and MOUs are among the …
26 May 2026 Document in Environmental Governance

UN Treaty Handbook

… to the United Nations efforts to assist States in becoming party to the international treaty framework and in … by an overview of the steps involved in a State becoming a party to a treaty. The following section highlights the key … and recording functions of the Secretariat, and how a party may go about submitting a treaty for registration or …
26 May 2026 Document in Environmental Governance

Guide for Negotiators of Multilateral Environmental Agreements

… Guide only addresses MEAs. Basic Terms State: A country. Party: A State (country) that has ratified a treaty. Contracting Party: A phrase used to refer to a State that has ratified a treaty. Non-Party: A State that has not ratified a treaty. Observer: …
26 May 2026 Document in Environmental Governance

UN Watercourses Convention User’s Guide

… of the Convention to existing agreements where countries party to an existing agreement are also party to the Convention 94 3.2.4 Scenario – Does the … over the territories of more than one contracting party or where a water system is shared by contracting …
26 May 2026 Document in Marine and Freshwater

Sources of international law (Part I) - extract from InforMEA e-learning course

… Parties to the main treaty are not obliged to become party to an optional protocol. An optional protocol is … it shall have made its intention clear not to become a party to the treaty; or (b) it has expressed its consent to … open for a state to make a reservation on becoming a party. A reservation modifies or excludes the application of …
26 May 2026 Course lesson in Environmental Governance

Document - Freshwater Law and Governance: Global and Regional Perspectives for Sustainability

… agreements are nested, for example when a State that is a Party to a basin watercourse agreement is also a Party to another agreement regarding a sub-part of the same … parallel watercourse obligations arising 9 because it is a Party to international agreements regarding more than one …
26 May 2026 Document in Marine and Freshwater

White Paper - Regional Seas Governance

… named cooperating non-member, cooperating non-contracting party or otherwise. Second, membership of CCAMLR is also open … sea and exclusive economic zone of each Contracting Party in the Black Sea. However, any Protocol to [the] … is the supreme body of the Committee. Each contracting party is represented at its meetings by the minister …
26 May 2026 Document in Marine and Freshwater