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… Response and Cooperation Systems 6. Other Conventions 7. Enforcement Flag State Port State 8. Liability 1. Pollution … 7. Enforcement Vessel-based pollution control standards have … essential to avoid reliance on complicated and expensive enforcement actions while still implementing marine …

… environmental assessment, international rule formation, enforcement, safeguards against inept enforcement, ice-covered areas, responsibility and liability … https://www.informea.org/en/terms/enforcement http://www.informea.org/terms/liability …

… warning; provide appropriate training for security and law enforcement officials; ensure the prompt and impartial … enterprises, and States may not cede their own law enforcement responsibilities to such enter- prises or other … AND THE ENVIRONMENT States should ensure the effective enforcement of their environmental standards against public …

… Law International mechanisms to ensure compliance and enforcement States are responsible for implementing … IEG also foresees the mechanisms to address compliance and enforcement of international environmental law. Compliance with and enforcement of MEA obligations raise a number of difficult …

… facilitative/managerial and those that are more punitive/enforcement-based in nature. The former regards non-com- … and compliance management plans. In contrast, the enforcement approach emphasizes legal obligations, binding … supra note 7. See also the Guidelines on Compliance and Enforcement of Multilateral Environmental Agreements adopted …

… agreements exist, but where implementation and enforcement need to be strengthened and scaled up in those … approaches, policies and practices 33. Improve the enforcement of existing regulations on the transboundary … gathering and analysis, strengthening of institutional and enforcement capacity is determined by the local context. …

… review teams Compliance Committee Facilitative Branch Enforcement Branch Parties Referral Referral UEF // … (referral) UEF // University of Eastern Finland Enforcement Branch Mandate • Annex I Parties’ … an assessment + • The mechanism, in particular, the enforcement branch, was actively used • 8 cases of …

… law? UEF // University of Eastern Finland Why not comply? Enforcement school Managerial school Legitimacy Reasons for … University of Eastern Finland How to promote compliance? Enforcement school Managerial school Legitimacy How to … of Eastern Finland Measures to promote compliance Enforcement •Trade bans •Withdrawal of benefits •Naming and …