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Guide for Negotiators of Multilateral Environmental Agreements

… that have been adopted in recent years include the 1998 Agreement on Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain … of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is an appendix-driven agreement. Three appendices list animal and plant species in … for the phase-out of ozone-depleting sub- stances. Bilateral environmental agreements (BEAs) also exist, …
26 May 2026 Document in Environmental Governance

UN Treaty Handbook

… 29 5.3 Meaning of "treaty" and "international agreement" under Article 102 .... 30 5.3.1 Role of the … 33 5.5.2 Bilateral treaties … 102 provides that every treaty and every international agreement entered into by a Member of the United Nations, …
26 May 2026 Document in Environmental Governance

Sources of international law (Part I) - extract from InforMEA e-learning course

… of international law 3. Law of Treaties 3.1. Terms Treaty Agreement Convention Charter Protocol Declaration 3.2. Treaty … political or practical significance. For example, a simple bilateral agreement on technical or administrative … the case. The two principal categories of treaties are the bilateral and the multilateral agreements, the former having …
26 May 2026 Course lesson in Environmental Governance

Guidance on the Practical Application of the Espoo Convention

… on the practical application of the Convention and on bilateral and multilateral agreements and arrangements and, … into consideration when developing bi- or multilateral agreement s to support the application of the Convention. 1.1 … guidance on practical application of the Convention and on bilateral and multilateral agreements and arrangements in the …
26 May 2026 Document in Environmental Governance

Mr. Michael Frost, Analysis on the situation of Environmental Human Rights Defenders

… support R o l e o f i n d i v i d u a l s tat e s Bilateral cooperation between States can build the capacity … into environmental institutions and processes. However, bilateral and multilateral agreements between States can also … the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Paris Agreement on Climate Change have engendered high expectations …
26 May 2026 Document in Environmental Governance

Document - Freshwater Law and Governance: Global and Regional Perspectives for Sustainability

… 25 2.4.4. Agreement on the Cooperation for the Sustainable Development … one is national (Murray-Darling, in Australia), one is bilateral (1909 Boundary Waters Treaty), and the rest are … international water agreements29 at global, regional and bilateral levels. Most of these agreements establish an …
26 May 2026 Document in Marine and Freshwater

Special Rapporteur on Human Rights Defenders_2016 Report

… 9 and urges the parties to expedite the conclusion of the agreement in the light of the urgency of the situation, … and international support Role of individual States 81. Bilateral cooperation between States can build the capacity … environmental institutions and processes. 82. However, bilateral and multilateral agreements between States can also …
26 May 2026 Document in Environmental Governance

UN Watercourses Convention User’s Guide

… existing agreements where countries party to an existing agreement are also party to the Convention 94 3.2.4 Scenario … river basins, however most of these agreements are in fact bilateral agreements.16 Additionally 158 of the world’s 263 … Governance of International Rivers: Negotiating Bilateral Versus Multilateral Treaties’ (2011) 55 …
26 May 2026 Document in Marine and Freshwater

White Paper - Regional Seas Governance

… 13 See the definition in art. 1(1)(d) of the Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the … the sea is made up of a multitude of global, regional and bilateral instruments, decisions by international … individually and collectively through (sub-)regional and bilateral cooperation. A large number of instruments and …
26 May 2026 Document in Marine and Freshwater

International Environmental law-making and Diplomacy Review

… in turn inform policy choices that can enhance bilateral and multilateral cooperation in addressing this … environmental regime rather than to create an entirely new agreement with its own institutions and mechanisms. In those … environment; and several more are being negotiated at the bilateral, regional, and global levels.11 Most of these …
26 May 2026 Document in Environmental Governance