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… in other international arrangements and in national law. Over the years following its adoption, there have been … if treaties were repeatedly ignored. “Hard” law and “soft” law This is a useful, if inelegant, distinction. The … irreparable”. That must now be the basis of its actions. “Soft” law has been built up from the resolutions and …

… of the United Nations and the principles of international law. The CBD was the first legally binding inter- national … to them, others are voluntary in nature – so-called ‘soft law’ instruments. Legally speaking, soft law instruments cannot be enforced upon countries. Soft …

… important in the food industry. Photograph: Rachel Wynberg Soft coral, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Photograph: Shutterstock. 12 … contracts. ABS Series no. 4, IUCN Environmental Policy and Law Paper no. 67.4. IUCN Environmental Law Centre, Bonn, Germany; Newman, D.J. and Cragg, G.M. 2009. …

… IUCN • Ben Boer, Emeritus Professor in Environmental Law, Australian Centre for Climate and Environ- mental Law, … analysis and comparison (e.g. use of graphs, analysis soft- ware, comparisons, etc.) • Data management: Records … database includes information on treaties, international soft-law and other non-binding policy, and technical guidance …

… IUCN Environmental Policy and Law Paper No. 83 A n Explanatory G uide to the N agoya P … speci!c facilitation measures. It also uses very soft and unclear legal terminology (“shall endeavour”), which … New Delhi Declaration, and the UNEP Guidelines are only soft-law instruments – that is, they are not legally binding …

… selection of examples:6 Syria: In 2009 Syria passed a law (Law No. 20) on PGRFA that includes provisions on access, … and Farmers’ Rights. Among the main objectives of the law are the protec- tion and preservation of PGRFA for …