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… 12 4.3 Water Resource tools 13 4.4 Forestry tools 15 4.5 Ecosystem Restoration tools 16 4.6 Protected Area tools 17 … (see section 5.2 ) n Economic tools such as Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) and biodiversity offsets that allow … trade- offs. BEFS also uses existing household data and vulnerable populations and stunting data to assess sub …

… peatlands, and other carbon sinks), the loss of essential ecosystem services and increases in greenhouse gas emissions … competition for land. This may further marginalize poor or vulnerable segments of the population from access to natural … include rural development that takes into account poor or vulnerable groups, employment and income generation, …

… 7 on Conservation specifies criteria on biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, buffer zones, ecological corridors, … beyond the immediate site of a project. Thus, adopting an ecosystem approach when planning developments is preferable … and spread. • Ecosystems are likely to be more vulnerable to invasion if the receiving environments lack …