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… • Certification schemes should not create obstacles to trade. For the market economy to operate properly, schemes should avoid creating artificial barriers to trade and misleading consumers. • Certification schemes … • Certification should allow and encourage fair trade, avoid creating unnecessary obstacles to trade and not …

… resources and the promotion of local and international trade. The success of modern aquaculture is based on the … of the 20th and 21st centuries. Since the 1950s, world trade has increased 14-fold; during this same period, … mediated activities that are typically driven by global trade and human movement. Marine introduced species are moved …

… of methods of economic valuation. • In order to understand trade-offs among candidate users of the same ecosystem, the … of precaution is provided for under relevant international trade agreements. This poses challenges for coherent … management responses such as prohibitions on use or trade, often justified on precautionary grounds, should be …