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… example of an abiotic disease is lead poisoning: caused by exposure to the heavy metal lead [►Table 1-1]. Table 1-1. … and/or � Host animals are moved to a new area (exposure of immunologically naïve animals to new pathogens). … are more susceptible to disease outbreaks and length of exposure to a stressor determines how likely it is that …

… climate change projections and scenarios to assess exposure 93 6.5 Balancing climate and non-climate threats … • Uncertainty over assessing the extent of species’ exposure to climate change and how they might respond; • … climate change projections and scenarios to assess exposure As noted above, determining the ‘exposure’ of …

… Instead multiple stressors interact cumulatively and exposure to one stressor can affect the tolerance to another … under low oxygen conditions in the sediment Also, root exposure to sulphides, a known phytotoxin Greater evaporation … and ecosystems inland (Crase et al., 2015). Greater exposure is expected in areas with smaller tidal ranges …

… precipitate a human influenza pandemic, given the ongoing exposure of humans to the circulating avian virus through …