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… Darwall, W.R.T. THE STATUS AND DISTRIBUTION OF FRESHWATER BIODIVERSITY IN WESTERN AFRICA The IUCN Red List of … regions (Chambers et al. 2008). While terrestrial and marine ecosystems have a larger percentage of known species, … or will soon exceed, that in either terrestrial or marine ecosystems (e.g., WWF Living Planet Index 2004, …

… publications@unep.org www.unep.org www.unep.org Large Marine Ecosystems Status and Trends VOLUME 4: LARGE MARINE ECOSYSTEMS TWAP TRANSBOUNDARY WATERS ASSESSMENT … from more institutional collaboration. Pollution and biodiversity arrangements often lack repercussions for …

… the quality of the air we breathe, and slowing the rate of biodiversity loss? How are human impacts on the environment … Caused by Natural Hazards 87 Biodiversity 88 Coastal and Marine Areas 89 Freshwater 90 Urban Areas 91 Global … introduced some new indicators, including on air quality, marine protected areas, and ozone protection. UNEP is more …

… of alien or new species and the preservation of the marine environment. Reference is made to existing and … to ecosystems in order to ensure adequate protection of biodiversity and related habitats is the 1992 Convention on … from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological …

… and action groups, focusing in particular on species and biodiversity conservation and the management of habitats and … of these interactions or interfaces include freshwater and marine, freshwater and species, freshwater and forests, and … species, or the interfaces between freshwaters and marine waters are considered in this book. The book is …

… the coastal province of KwaZulu-Natal is an extremely biodiversity-rich area, both in natural and cultural terms, … resources, deforesta- tion, desertification, declines in marine fisheries and the impacts of climate change, increase … Protocol to the London Convention and the Prevention of Marine Pollution’, Review 2008, 241–256; Cam Carruthers, …

… the coastal province of KwaZulu-Natal is an extremely biodiversity-rich area, both in natural and cultural terms, … resources, deforesta- tion, desertification, declines in marine fisheries and the impacts of climate change, increase … Protocol to the London Convention and the Prevention of Marine Pollution’, Review 2008, 241–256; Cam Carruthers, …

… the coastal province of KwaZulu-Natal is an extremely biodiversity-rich area, both in natural and cultural terms, … resources, deforesta- tion, desertification, declines in marine fisheries and the impacts of climate change, increase … Protocol to the London Convention and the Prevention of Marine Pollution’, Review 2008, 241–256; Cam Carruthers, …

… the coastal province of KwaZulu-Natal is an extremely biodiversity-rich area, both in natural and cultural terms, … resources, deforesta- tion, desertification, declines in marine fisheries and the impacts of climate change, increase … Protocol to the London Convention and the Prevention of Marine Pollution’, Review 2008, 241–256; Cam Carruthers, …

… are needed in most basins. 3. The threat to freshwater biodiversity is global. Extinction risk is moderate to very … and Trends (UNEP-DHI and UNEP 2016). With some 80% of marine pollution coming from land-based sources, special … systems of the world — aquifers, lakes, rivers, large marine ecosystems, and open ocean — sustain the biosphere and …