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… of the total value of forest products harvested, after tax, if they receive financial support from the State for … price- and market-based instruments that may be applied to tax, charge for, or set fees for ecosystem goods and … for ecosystem services are considered to be based on a tax, fee, or a charge, or whether they are considered to be …

… make clear distinctions between various categories such as tax, duty, remuneration, price ... . The latter, however, do not distinguish, for example, between tax and duty. Each discipline, therefore, has its own … of subsidies, grants, contributions, loans, cost refunds, tax concessions, etc. 25/ The latter context will be that …

… can have a direct impact on price. These include grants, tax reductions and exemptions or price controls. Others … most common forms of this type of subsidy are favourable tax treatment, grants and soft loans, regulations that favour … cross-subsidies in electricity and gas, together with the tax system, distort energy-use patterns. Subsidies cause …

… include full- and partial-interest land purchases, tax-based incentives, and tradable or bankable development … in an international effort. A significant excise tax (10% or more) should be levied by each country on natural … should be able to bear the weight of an additional tax at such a level. The income from such a tax to remain in …

… as ‘green’ funds, taxes, fees, lev- ies, tariffs or even tax exemptions, in order to ensure a continuous flow of … with a negative impact on ecosystem services from tax payments or providing outright subsidies for destructive … charges can provide sustainable sources of funding. A new tax, charge or fee might be introduced, or an already …

… 17 • Fiscal measures: budgetary measures which apply tax and subsidy systems; • Financial measures: measures which … Subsidies to resource conserving activities and products. Tax relief or differential taxes on land uses and products. … technologies or natural resource alternative products, and tax relief or relatively lower tax rates on sustainable land …

… PES should be favored over the traditional regulatory and tax-based approaches.” � Scherr, S, White, A., and Khare, A. …

… the more that is retained centrally is equivalent to a tax on use); c) user rights – local vs. national – need to …