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Energy subsidies: Lessons learned in assessing their impact and designing policy reforms

… 3 In principle, any measure that keeps prices for energy consumers below market levels or for energy producers above market levels or that reduces costs … for consumers or producers may be considered a subsidy. An energy subsidy can take several different forms. Some …
30 May 2026 Literature See it in ECOLEX · This content is provided by ECOLEX

Markets and Incentives in Livelihoods and Landscapes Strategy. Using Economic and Financial Tools to Sustain Forest Livelihoods and Landscapes

… and Incentives in Livelihoods and Landscapes Strategy Energy, Ecosystems and Livelihoods INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR … to be worth up to US$ 15 million for just one of the many hydroelectric schemes in the region (6), and the global net … downstream benefi ts of soil conservation in Third World hydroelectric watersheds. Land Economics 65(1). 7 Lopez, R., …
30 May 2026 Literature See it in ECOLEX · This content is provided by ECOLEX

Review of laws, policies and economic instruments related to payment for ecosystem services in Vietnam

… for the development and use of clean and renewable energy sources (Article 33.2). None of these laws, however, … tax when exploiting natural water, especially water tax on hydroelectric production 11. Directive No. 12/2003/CT-TTg, … on exploiting and using water from irrigation works for hydroelectric production, tourism, hotels, entertainment, and …
30 May 2026 Literature See it in ECOLEX · This content is provided by ECOLEX

Payments for Ecosystem Services - Legal and Institutional Frameworks

… project developers, irrigation districts or the hydro-energy sector, all of which could be dedicated to PES … amount of money coming from water use projects, the energy sector or irrigation districts into watershed … major tributaries of the Cauca River, where the Salvajina hydroelectric dam is located. Many of the watersheds in the …
30 May 2026 Literature See it in ECOLEX · This content is provided by ECOLEX