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… for different social and economic categories of people, differentiated according to factors such as wealth, gender, … income and employment, people often have little choice but to over-exploit, convert or otherwise destroy natural … where they are being applied and to what ends, a number of common practical considerations arise in their …

… provisions on urban and peri-urban forests as a category, but these provisions are still very uncommon. Most forestry … level in many countries. Ill-defined institutional responsibilities lead to overlapping functions. Cooperation … sound agricultural activities and the provision of common land should be integrated into the planning of urban …

… and development (R&D). Energy subsidies are widespread, but they vary greatly in importance and type according to the … the international market for such technologies. The most common forms of this type of subsidy are favourable tax … tax benefits to oil producers. Canada has traditionally differentiated royalties on oil and gas production to …

… concepts. This would not only betray their etymology but would also indicate a misunderstanding of the absolute … 1981, 353 pages; European Environmental Bureau, The Common Agricultural Policy and the Natural Environment, … the existence of a very large number of often poorly differentiated juridical categories, for which jurisprudence …

… 2005 does not specifically enable carbon sequestration, but does enable other economic and financial measures that … unit. 2 The Civil Code provides for community ownership of common assets (Article 220), stipulates the categories of … for payments for ecosystem services may also provide for differentiated payments when the beneficiary will not use the …

… limited to the four countries reviewed for this analysis, but also extend to other countries interested in developing … sectors at different levels. This requires developing a common PES vision, clarifying responsibilities, identifying … levels, from national to local. Statutory law has to be differentiated from so called customary law, which refers to …

… are all beneficiaries of these services, and all have a common stake in ensuring their maintenance. Despite the … of biodiversity? In the search for a lasting balance, the common language between ‘exploitationists’ and … builds on previous approaches to valuing the environment but takes a more systematic approach to the assessment of …

… conservation. The environment’s services are valuable but these values are a) seldom recognised and quantified and … discussion of the possible impacts associated with common development options for mangrove ecosystems, and two … welfare by calibrating a model of competition between differentiated products with data from the pharmaceutical …