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… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 4. Assessing climate change vulnerability and risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . … . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 4.1. What is a vulnerability assessment and why is it important? . . . . . . … . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 4.2. Types of vulnerability assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …

… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4.2 The vulnerability criterion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . … action based on irreplaceability, species-based vulnerability, site-based vulnerability and conservation cost/opportunity . . . . . . . …

… illustrations of how activities contribute to risk and vulnerability reduction; use examples, direct quotes, … including through reduced exposure to hazards, lessened vulnerability of people and property, wise management of land … lessen underlying risks such as reducing social-economic vulnerability (Renaud et al., 2013). It is therefore …

… of responses that can be more widely applied to reduce vulnerability and increase natural and community resilience. … and ecosystems) and social targets and their level of vulnerability and resilience • Better understanding of methodologies to assess vulnerability and to identify appropriate adaptation options …

… decreases ecosystem resilience. This in turn increases vulnerability to climate change stressors and natural hazards … activities to increase resilience and reduce the vulnerability of people and the environment to climate change … and landscape restoration to reduce the risk of, and vulnerability to, drought and flood shocks. Protected Areas …

… context. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. 2007. Geneva: Intergovernmental Panel on … Protected Areas | 107 Group II: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Geneva: IPPC. [Online report accessed 13 …

… isolated habitats by these birds is low, it appears that vulnerability to extinction based on low population density … succession) can also have a strong influence on the vulnerability of species to local extinction. Consequently, … (such as risk of predation), and there is a greater vulnerability to sudden disturbance or catastrophe, such as …

… and other coastal States, as well as the significant vulnerability of coral reefs and mangroves to impacts …

… connectivity and linkages, resilience and vulnerability, ecological importance, synergy with existing … lead public participation), knowledge, data (e.g. species vulnerability data), relationships (e.g. with vulnerable …

… jurisdictions or boundaries of MPAs. • High environmental vulnerability: The oceans, coasts, species, and processes … supportive concepts. Particularly in light of the special vulnerability of small islands to climate change effects such … The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: an Assessment of Vulnerability. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. …