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… services can be affected when ecosystems become degraded. Water quality can decline, carbon can be emitted into the … Kenya, was excavated down to 1 m above the brackish water table. Casuarina equisetifolia was planted directly …

… boosting livelihoods, economies, food and fuel production, water security and climate change adaptation and mitigation. … large amounts of carbon, protecting downstream water supplies and providing rich wildlife habitat. • … of it. • The potential of restoration to improve habitat quality. Restoration, by ensuring that a greater diversity of …

… decrease in forest cover) and forest degradation (i.e., a quality decrease related to factors like vegetation layer, … in meeting their basic needs for energy, food, and clean water. * Legal Officer, IUCN Environmental Law Centre, Bonn, … different from PES for other ecosystem services, such as water purification or aesthetic landscape enrichment. …