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… • Export of wood and processed wood products • Illegal logging • Oil palm and small-scale rubber plantations • … to expand pasture areas. Papua New Guinea • Illegal logging • Although forestry laws are in place, 90 percent of all logging in PNG is estimated to be performed illegally, due to …

… causes of landscape dynamics might include, for example: • logging operations; • conversion of forests for estate crops; … causes is a series of underlying causes or drivers. For logging operations, for example, these drivers might include: … change will vary depending on who is the main actor. Logging companies will modify extensive areas of forests and …