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… scheme establishes a cap for water abstraction or pollution and enables trading of permits among water users. … based hazards and risks related to floods, droughts or pollution. Groups of ecosystems in a watershed, such as … high quality water, but in the 1980s concerns about pollution increased. In 1989, the United States Environmental …

… (CITES), the 1974 Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Land-Based Sources (Paris Convention), the … require States to “prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds, in particular from land-based … contained in article 21 to prevent, reduce and control the pollution of an international watercourse. With specific …

… and control policies may be effective in controlling pollution from well-defined point sources, such as factories … they are less effective in regulating non-point sources of pollution, such as those occurring when numerous upstream … to agricultural land. In these cases, down- stream water pollution (or scarcity) is the result of the combination of …

… short paper (15 pages). It describes market failures, pollution control, and environmental valuation. It concludes … on ecosystem services, with links to basic info on pollution, water purification, forest carbon storage, and …