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Payments for Ecosystem Services - Legal and Institutional Frameworks
… when numerous upstream landholders dedicate their land to intensive agricultural or cattle-ranching activities, or when forest owners convert their forest land to agricultural land. In these cases, down- stream water … Conservancy (TNC). IEF provides financial support for the acquisition of agricultural inputs and fence-building. …
A Gateway to Payments for Ecosystem Services. Using Payments for Ecosystem Services for Livelihoods and Landscapes
… will inevitably involve trade-offs among the different land-use types, each of which provides a different mix of … managed landscapes, where agriculture is often a major land use. Ecosystem services, however, can often highlight … specific threats were invasive species control, land acquisition, and off-reserve management. The authors argue …