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… ..................................................12 1.2. OIL EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION ............................13 … 3.3. HABITAT ALTERATION, POLLUTION AND LAND USE .......30 3.4. LACk OF AWARENESS OF … 40 000 50 000 1960 20092000199019801970 Tons / Years 1.2. OIL ExPLORATION AND PRODUCTION Depending on the year, oil …

… is expected to double in twenty years. Ship generated pollution including spills, intentional discharges, and noise … From the energy side, there are increasing amounts of oil being transported in aging ships run by mirage companies … to identify and to hold responsible for damage from oil spills. The Prestige oil spill highlighted this system in …

… well as weather patterns. Land, air, freshwater and marine pollution further threatens conditions in the natural … port developers and fisher folk, mining interests (oil, sand, clay, etc.) and riverside communities who conserve … under the EEZA require that those exploring for oil and gas must adhere to the Seismic Code of Conduct which …

… change is brought about by industrial activity, including oil and gas extraction, mining, industrial logging, … meet this standard in an era of climate change and global pollution (Venter et al. 2016, Halpern et al. 2016). However, … (IUCN) (2013). IUCN World Heritage Advice Note: Mining and Oil/Gas Projects www.iucn.org/theme/world-heritage/ …

… result of industrialisation, population growth, increased pollution, intensive extraction of natural resources, and … by the impact their activities generate on the site (an oil company operating just outside the site, for example) or … ministeries local private operators (mining companies, oil compa- nies, forestry companies, etc.) internal private …

… 73/78 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of … public land may already be encumbered. Mineral, timber, oil exploitation, grazing and other resource leases, licences … or within the area. Such incidents range from fire, oil spills or extreme weather events to outbreaks of IAS or …

… of resources, climate change, invasive species and pollution all contribute to loss of species and ecosystem … being established on areas that have been damaged by heavy oil pollution following the first Gulf War (Omar et al., … and diversion of water supplies for agriculture and oil exploration and production. This threat was exacerbated …

… on the world’s oceans through fishing pressure and pollution. If the impacts of transboundary air pollution and … to roads, pipelines, power lines, cellphone towers, oil and gas Category Ib protected areas are usually large … permanent structures, mining, hydropower development, oil and gas extraction, agriculture including intensive live- …

… from the impact of extractive industries, localised pollution, and changes to its chemistry (ocean acidification) … ficiently duplicative so that a single event, such as an oil spill, would not eradicate that diversity. Given the …

… threats such as overfishing, habitat destruction and pollution. In addition, climate change, inclusive of sea … systems managed primarily for tourism. • Wind farms and oil platforms that incidentally help to build up biodiversity … better control foreign extractive interests (e.g. fishing, oil drilling and mining), and actively contribute to the …