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… 171 Article 21 | Prevention, Reduction and Control of Pollution 173 21.1 Commentary 173 21.2 Application 179 21.2.1 … 184 Article 23 | Protection and Preservation of the Marine Environment 185 23.1 Commentary 185 23.2 Application … Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land- based Activities Hydrology for …

… watercourses”. The specific obligations related to pollution, alien species, and the marine environment include that States must “prevent, reduce … watercourse that are necessary to protect and preserve the marine environment, including estuaries...” (article 23). …

… 87 5.4.1. Nutrient and pollution reduction in the Black Sea “dead zone” … Waters focus area includes both freshwater and marine systems and was established to assist countries to … surface water basins, groundwater basins, and coastal and marine systems to enable the sharing of benefits from their …

… of all sectors in each country sharing a basin. 2. Pollution risks in many transboundary river basins are high … and Trends (UNEP-DHI and UNEP 2016). With some 80% of marine pollution coming from land-based sources, special … systems of the world — aquifers, lakes, rivers, large marine ecosystems, and open ocean — sustain the biosphere and …

… 12 1.1.4 Coastal-marine area … management issues, implying that current degradation and pollution, as well as the pressure on natural resources … supply the main river with water, as well as the coastal-marine area in situations where the river flows out into the …

… vast resource can be rapidly and irreversibly degraded. Pollution of aquifers is difficult to reverse; … systems of the world – aquifers, lakes, rivers, Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs), and the open ocean – sustain the … River Basins: Status and Trends Volume 4 – Large Marine Ecosystems: Status and Trends Volume 5 – The Open …

… transfrontalière anarchique 43 • Les conflits liés à la pollution du cours d’eau 44 • Les conflits liés à la … préjudiciable à un autre Etat, notamment au moyen de la pollution du cours d’eau international ; – le règlement … – la Comoé, la Volta, le Niger, le Congo – et la partie marine du Golfe de Guinée). Il est financé par le Fonds pour …

… law, the term ‘international waters’ is the legal term for marine waters that lie outside any national jurisdiction, … • Providing compensation for costs – e.g., inundated land, pollution, loss of ecosystem services, harmful changes in … states (whether it might be inefficient use or pollution of a water resource) can still be acceptable as …

… watercourses and lakes, with a strong emphasis on pollution prevention. It establishes a framework for … countries of the UNECE on the prevention and control of pollution of specific transboundary watercourses by ensuring … all appropriate measures: To prevent, control and reduce pollution of waters causing or likely to cause transboundary …