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Handbook for the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer

… co-operation in the research, development and transfer of alternative technologies relating to the control and … means the Secretariat of the Convention. 4. “Controlled substance” means a substance in Annex A, Annex B, Annex C, … applications where other more environmentally suitable alternative substances or technologies are not available; (b) …
17 Jun 2026 Document in Climate and Atmosphere

Handbook for the 1979 Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution and its Protocols

… (e) The economic, social and environmental assessment of alternative measures for attaining environmental objectives … low- emission technology and the development of alternative fuels, as well as with retrofitting and other … effects near to and distant from their sources; 8. “Substance” means a single chemical species, or a number of …
17 Jun 2026 Document in Climate and Atmosphere

Ozone Depletion - Chapter 9 - UNEP Training Manual on International Environmental Law

… developing countries to switch as quickly as possible to alternative substances and technologies. 21. The Montreal … countries, (“Beijing Amendment”). A new ozone depleting substance, bromochloromethane was added to the Protocol and … depletion, its environmental effects and the status of alternative substances and technologies and their economic …
17 Jun 2026 Document in Climate and Atmosphere

Compliance-Related Texts and Decisions of Selected Multilateral Environmental Agreements

… make every effort to reach agreement on all matters of substance by consensus. Where this is not possible, the … the promotion of alternatives to dumping, including alternative disposal mechanisms, recycling and the use of … or propose amendments (which may be in the form of an alternative text). Committee members may also comment on the …
17 Jun 2026 Literature See it in ECOLEX · This content is provided by ECOLEX

Handbook of The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer

… managed ecosystems, or on materials useful to mankind. 3. “Alternative technologies or equipment” means technologies or … are likely to have adverse effects on the ozone layer. 4. “Alternative substances” means substances which reduce, … of the dispute. Article 11 Decisions both on procedure and substance of the arbitral tribunal shall be taken by a …
17 Jun 2026 Document in Climate and Atmosphere

Groundwater in international law: Compilation of treaties and other legal instruments

… (d) protection against forest fires; (e) promotion of alternative livelihoods; and (f) research, training and … to the proposed activity, including the no-action alternative and possible measures to mitigate significant … to the proposed activity and also the no-action alternative; (c) A description of the environment likely to …
17 Jun 2026 Literature See it in ECOLEX · This content is provided by ECOLEX

MEA Negotiator’s Handbook

… 12. Be prepared for practical necessities, including alternative transportation, alternative meals, and local currency (small denominations!). … and such terminology may refl ect differing views on substance, which can lead to issues of consistency. MEA …
17 Jun 2026 Document in Environmental Governance

Convention text of the Minamata Convention on Mercury

… activities to meet these goals. Mercury is recognized as a substance producing significant adverse neurological and … lead to recovery, recycling, reclamation, direct re-use or alternative uses. 5. Each Party shall: (a) Endeavour to … lead to recovery, recycling, reclamation, direct re-use or alternative uses. 6. Each Party shall not allow the export of …
17 Jun 2026 Document in Chemicals and Waste

Manual of Compliance with and Enforcement of Multilateral Environmental Agreements

… by COP 7”, the GEF will consider the reasons for the alternative process. NAPAs also provide an avenue for linking … preferred outcome for these issues? q What are acceptable alternative outcomes? q What procedure will the State take at … The Committee strives to make decisions “on all matters of substance by consensus.” As a last resort, the Committee may …
17 Jun 2026 Literature See it in ECOLEX · This content is provided by ECOLEX

UNEP Guide for Negotiators of Multilateral Environmental Agreements

… from and how do they develop? MEAs differ in scope and substance. Nevertheless, they tend to be formulated through a … yourself with the position of a larger group, or in the alternative, announce your intention to speak on behalf of a … Madame Chair, my delegation is of the view that the alternative approach we have just described may offer the …
17 Jun 2026 Document in Biological Diversity