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… the Costa Rican government has used revenues from a fuel tax to fund a programme of payments for environmental … paid) Net loss (but less than financial loss due to tax savings and omission of stranded costs) Net gain (if no … stranded costs will be sunk costs in econo- mic terms and tax benefits and subsidies to producers will be transfers not …

… as a result of an external transfer, jobs can be lost, and tax revenue can decline (leading in turn to a reduction in …

… that develop and expand, and where such progress does not tax or infringe on the surrounding environment and its …

… argument for going further and imposing an ‘environmental tax’ on fertilisers and/or pesticides to generate funding for …