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… Agricultural Research CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CSOLP … All these possibilities make controlling or prohibiting illegal access activities very 26 difficult. In addition, … costs. Infringers would not be able to get away with illegal practices if a (separate) requirement for disclosure …

… multilateral trea- ties including the United Nations Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) and the Convention on the Rights of … International Union for the Conservation of Nature IUU Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing IWC International … effectively regulate harvesting and end overfish- ing, illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and destructive …

… SMTA Standard Material Transfer Agreement TRIPS Agreement Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights Agreement UPOV … Even as to these speci- mens, often it will not be illegal to possess them in the user country, once they have … international movement of specimens of some species may be illegal under the Convention on International Trade in …

… Spain 171 10.4.5.4 Costa Rica 172 10.4.6 Penalties for the illegal importation of biological resources 172 10.4.6.1 … by Colombia 172 10.4.6.2 Other penalty measures: Illegal importation of wildlife and other property 173 10.5 … com- mercial markets or necessitate any reconsideration of trade laws and relationships. • Focus on linkage to enhanced …

… the IRABS intends only to regulate and facilitate the trade in TK and GR, it largely ignores communities’ … keeping the termite population in check; • Combating illegal logging and poaching in the forest; • Continuing our … that the community faces (agricultural expansion, legal/illegal logging, fire, etc). This could also include an …

… draft ABS Law 62 4.7 Enforcement and guarantee 63 4.8 Trade concerns 63 Chapter 5 Conclusions 65 References 67 vii … the solution to immediate conservation needs. Cases of illegal access, misappropriation or "biopiracy" that have … to justice, in the cases of non-compliance of contracts or illegal access. Clear criteria should be established with …

… of contracts 74 2.6 Special issues 75 2.6.1 International trade controls and related issues 75 2.6.1.1 International … to straightforward questions such as what actions are illegal and how they are documented, in 15 years of trying.15 … users (e.g., subsequent transferees or purchasers from an illegal source) are not bound. In some cases customs officers …

… Agreement TK traditional knowledge TRIPS Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights UNCED … on issues such as the presence of invasive species or illegal fishing in remote areas of a marine reserve, easy for … Taking into account that relevant information on illegal access activities is more likely to be available in …

… 14 2.1.4 The World Trade Organization's Basic Principles … 24 2.1.8 WTO Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights Agreement (TRIPS) … Veterinary Office GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GATS General Agreement on Trade in Services GSP … farm animal production will not continue if they are made illegal, because they depend upon large manufacturers who are …

… Mr. Tymowski has practised in the field of international trade and intel- lectual property law with the law firm … TK – Traditional Knowledge TRIPS Agreement – Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights UN – … • Bhutan’s “Biodiversity Act” (2003) fights against illegal access to traditional resources, protects the rights …