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… wetlands continue to decline; the number of countries with water shortages continues to increase; and fisheries continue … in providing livelihood security in times of seasonal shortage (by providing alternative foods and other resources) … in providing secure environmental services (such as water and clean air) to all humans, rural and urban, wealthy …

… product supply (agricultural products, wood energy and water), erosion, sand encroachment and floods. On the other … level, such as those relating to air quality and drinking water standards, have impacts on sub-national level … results in an increasing use of charcoal. Growing fuel shortage leads to overcutting of the remaining trees and …

… vulnerable areas, such as steep slopes, river banks or water catchments. It may also involve instances in which … range of laws on environmental pro- tection, wildlife, water and soil conservation, harvesting codes and practices, … legislation relating to conservation, biodiversity and water management issues)?a a William B. Magrath and others, …

… services can be affected when ecosystems become degraded. Water quality can decline, carbon can be emitted into the … Kenya, was excavated down to 1 m above the brackish water table. Casuarina equisetifolia was planted directly … Reforestation of any kind will be difficult if there is a shortage of land for food production. In these circumstances …

… wider landscape 27 Forests managed to maintain soil and water resources 27 Forests managed for community purposes 28 … types of conserved forest 47 Forests protected to maintain water resources: forests around Stockholm, Sweden 47 … life support systems, and provide vital services, such as water supply and soil protection, for local and more distant …

… and widespread deterioration in the quality of air, water and soils – the basic resources on which all of life … that movements of animals and plants and the flow of wind, water, materials and biota between habitats is a key element … far-reaching effects on the flora and fauna, the soil and water resources, and on human ecology (Forman and Godron …