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… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 3.1 Illegal logging and harvesting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . … range of wildlife and forest offences, includ- ing illegal logging and illegal trade in timber and a lack of adherence … resources becoming threatened by, inter alia, illegal logging, illegal trade in timber products, poaching and …

… causes of landscape dynamics might include, for example: • logging operations; • conversion of forests for estate crops; … causes is a series of underlying causes or drivers. For logging operations, for example, these drivers might include: … change will vary depending on who is the main actor. Logging companies will modify extensive areas of forests and …

… Khoa indicated that local communities regarded illegal logging and encroachment of forest reserves for agricultural … this have consisted of two major strands. The first is a logging ban that has been in place for more than 30 years. … have limited capacity for watershed protection. While logging bans and a protection regime have not led to forests …

… and rapid deterioration of forest resources through excess logging and other unsustainable management practices – … a greater or lesser degree “paper parks,” and that illegal logging, mining, and forest clearing are widespread. Further … than the total social cost of production.35 That is, the logging company harvesting the timber does not have to pay …

… tracts of forest or forest mosaics designed to minimize logging impacts in managed forests, and habitats that provide … 1993; Barling and Moore 1994). Exposed areas of soil on logging sites and unsealed forest roads are major sources of … encroachment and clearing by squatters, by exploitative logging on private and public lands, by clearing of private …

… exploitation, high timber prices still make unsustainable logging a more fi nancially desirable option. The Livelihoods … food security, cash availability and access to land (17). Logging truck in Harapan, Indonesia. 4 IUCN Forest …

… pressure on landscapes from land clearing for agriculture, logging (sometimes illegal), and commercial enterprises, … forests. In 1985, villagers became concerned when nearby logging concessions over- harvested the mangrove and … ecology. In 1986 the villagers formed a group to stop the logging and shrimp farming. Their efforts were successful and …

… tends to become more intense, and can include selective logging, replanting, active thinning and other forms of … peoples, private individuals, commercial companies (e.g. logging companies), not-for-profit bodies and many more … Australia The catchment around Brisbane is set aside from logging and other disturbance so as to maintain the city’s …

… assessed forest degradation using emissions occurring in logging without subtracting post-harvest regrowth, TAs noted … its conditional contribution through reduced impact logging as a 20 percent reduction of historical emissions … not be used to support the expansion of industrial-scale logging or any other industrial-scale extractive activities …

… of forest area, biomass stocks or intensity of illegal logging) to best serve the needs of policy decision-makers or … diameter distribution and regeneration, illegal logging and socio- economics – although remote sensing … sensing, manual analogical data entry and digital data logging). Both raw field data and “clean” data need to be …