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… of on-farm trees: on-farm trees are not only assets for farming systems but are also an important source of … purposes. In contrast, farmers who are more concerned with livestock production, or migrants who have only recently … or firebreaks and from other destructive agents (eg livestock-grazing). Tree plantations Tree plantation or …

… with attempts to reforest an area that had been used for farming. The farmers involved protested and the RTAF, to its … tree planting was unsuccessful, mainly due to uncontrolled livestock grazing in the dry season. Livestock grazing also made on-farm soil conservation …

… villagers formed a group to stop the logging and shrimp farming. Their efforts were successful and the gate was … rice. Over 80 percent of the population owns and manages livestock on communal rangelands (Hendy 1980). Higher livestock densities and the expansion of cash crop …

… National Forest Institute, the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food, the Ministry of the Environment and … according to wealth, size of landholding, or numbers of livestock. Such groups have different resources, different … and timber has been found in Rwanda highlands. • Contract farming is having some success, which supports aggregation, …

… and mitigate surface runoff from agricultural and livestock fields. Benefits Primary Constructed wetlands are … cent in Baidang Lake. Development of certified eco-fish farming by 412 households increased income of fishers by 20 … high value cash crops and fruit trees, to water the livestock, and for domestic use. They are often established …

… communities that do not cultivate crops or raise livestock. More generally, non-timber forest products (NTFPs) … and Tamba and Kolda Regions is the relative importance of livestock in household production strategies and resulting … forage are sufficiently abundant all year round so that livestock may be kept near the homestead until slaughtered or …

… vegetation encompassing recreation parks, agroforestry, farming and forestry systems, the geographical administrative … and urban wastes, to yield a diversity of crops and livestock" (UNDP, 1996). Urban and peri-urban agriculture … throughout the world and includes products from crop and livestock agriculture, fisheries and forestry in the urban …

… forests and woodlands 30 Small woodlands for use in the farming system 31 Woodland managed for sport shooting etc 31 … climate is very arid and over-grazing by goats and other livestock is increasing deser- tification. Forests and … the steep and rapidly eroding mountains of the Hindu Kush. Livestock are grazed on high communal pastures in the summer …

… has been replaced by farmland used mainly for dairy farming and beef cattle production. In 1942, most forest … by wind and water • Windbreaks for crops, pasture and livestock • Ground water levels and condition • Timber … large predators and herbivores) threaten human safety, or livestock and crops in lands adjacent to natural habitats. …

… correlated with poverty status, measured in terms of livestock ownership, food security, cash availability and …