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… Guidelines on the responsible Governance of tenure of land, fisheries and forests in the Context of national food … of responsible practices for the use and control of land, fisheries and forests. They provide guidance for … population requires food security, and as environmental degradation and climate change reduce the availability of …

… the benefits they derive from the management of their land. The term FLR is new, but most of its components are … strategies for restoring forest functions on agricultural land … situation can be quite different. Deforestation and forest degradation have altered many of the world’s tropical forest …

… CBD Aichi Target 15, the UNFCCC REDD+ goal, and the Rio+20 land degra- dation neutral goal. 4 5 Acknowledgements The … action on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) under the UN Framework Convention on … goals related to combatting desertification and land degradation. The response to the Bonn Challenge has been …

… for deforestation 15 Assessing emissions from forest degradation 16 Assessing removals from carbon stock … relate to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change land-use subcategories 8 3. Methods used for FREL/FRL … of carbon dioxide equivalent per year L litter LULUCF land use, land-use change and forestry m metre(s) MRV …

… and development, or between poverty and environmental degradation. These are S u m m a r y xv often contradictory. … decision-making and participation by local communities in land-use decisions. Participatory decision-making involves the willingness of outsiders to negotiate land-use objectives and ways to meet those objectives. The …

… forest livelihoods and landscapes 2 How forest landscape degradation can undermine livelihoods and economies 3 … much of the impetus to convert, clear and exploit forest land and resources comes from the search for greater income, … ownership, food security, cash availability and access to land (17). Logging truck in Harapan, Indonesia. 4 IUCN Forest …

… 19 4.5 Land-use planning and land ownership ................................. 21 4.6 Urban … and other perverse effects, namely, natural resource degradation. Among the problems faced by cities in developing … where urban development is too often accompanied by severe degradation of the environment (including trees and forests), …

… of UNCED ... 19 1.1 Progress through National Forest and Land-Use Programmes ........................... 19 1.2 Underlying Causes of Deforestation and Forest Degradation ............................. 22 1.3 Traditional … causes of deforestation are not covered: e.g. agrarian land reform in relation to landless peasants, environmental …

… and institutional system to approve CDM AR projects 47 4. Land rights issues, title to carbon and the nature of CERs 49 … particular legal issues. These issues mainly centre around land tenure, land use rights and the subsequent ownership of … such as freshwater conservation, biodiversity and land degradation in order to better achieve the Millennium …

… ensure local confidence about continued access to land and encourage investment of labour and resources; from the Andaman coast of Thailand, where negotiated land use has benefitted communities and acted as a ‘policy … allow for formal tenure would not have addressed the land degradation or land access issues. Despite the understanding …