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… added to bait grain or water Immobilises birds. Minimal pollution. Risk to non-target birds. Requires birds to be … with sticks on poles or flame throwers Lethal No pollution. Provides source of protein. Labour intensive. … scare birds Birds frightened away from crops by waving and noise. No pollution. Labour intensive. Often possible only on …

… such as environmental quality, including air pollution, water pollution, and noise, or environmental amenities, such as aesthetic views or …