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… ..................................................12 1.2. OIL EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION ............................13 … 3.3. HABITAT ALTERATION, POLLUTION AND LAND USE .......30 3.4. LACk OF AWARENESS OF … 40 000 50 000 1960 20092000199019801970 Tons / Years 1.2. OIL ExPLORATION AND PRODUCTION Depending on the year, oil …

… to be declining worldwide, due to loss of habitat, pollution, the spread of invasive alien or “exotic” species, … can (and have) been struck with companies extracting oil, gas, and timber. (See ten Kate, 2003.) 4.3.4 Policy that … all round the world. Such was the case of the OCP oil pipeline in Ecuador and the Chad-Cameroon pipeline …

… and lifestyles, triggered by financial wealth from oil resources in the Arab region and the rise in oil prices during the 1970s and 1980s. 10. In general, the … the overexploitation of groundwater and widespread pollution are all contributing to further water scarcity in …

… fishing industry and environmental information held by the oil and gas industry) and providing better mechanisms for … forest: i.e. industrial plantations for timber, food, oil palm etc = Forest Protected Area 121 IUCN, and … outside protected areas that affects their ecology through pollution or other impacts – Mining leases that buffer …

… Endangered species Invasive species Climate change Pollution (air, water) 0% 23 Region 1st priority 2nd priority … renewable natural resources Intensive agriculture Mining, oil and gas 0% Figure 8. Most urgent environmental issues … n Indian Ocean n West Africa 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% Mining, oil and gas Invasive species Population growth and/or …

… pressure being exerted on these types of ecosystems. 3. Pollution: is the presence in or introduction into the … of a substance which has harmful or poisonous effects. Pollution from excessive nutrients (e.g. nitrogen and … gone to landfill saves petroleum, reduces dependency on oil, and reduces pressure on existing landfills – thereby …

… services such as flood control, groundwater recharge, pollution control and supply regulation (Opperman 2009). 3 … in Oman. They were built to treat produced water from oil production operations in the Nimr oil fields, as an alternative to disposing water in deep …

… stretch of water, are highly threatened due to upstream pollution. Molluscs such as these provide important functions … and Rehabilitation of Biodiversity and Habitats of Oil Spill Sites in the Niger Delta” and participated in the … decision-making regarding where, for instance, to develop oil palm plantations in a way that minimizes the destruction …

… posed by hunting, fishing (incidental take or by-catch), pollution, alien species (invasive species and hybridisation) … population of the shelduck moults in one area in which oil exploration is currently taking place. A single oil spill could wipe out almost the entire population. …

… sources; 6. dumping of non-mineral solid waste; 7. water pollution; and 8. threats to habitat by uncontrolled fires. … nial crops. The latter may consist of tree orchards, oil palm plantations and permanent pas- tures that are … signs of water pollution, e.g. waste pipes discharging, oil on the sur- face, foam/scum, bad smell, high suspended …