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… 7 1.2 Structure of this report 8 2 What is a biodiversity offset? 9 Offset or mitigate? 9 Offset and the environmental … net positive impact) 11 Biodiversity offsets compared with carbon and other offsets 12 3 Why biodiversity offsets? The … is a particular mechanism in other contexts such as carbon trading and perhaps because terms such as “mitigation” …

… for connectivity 17 Table I(2)-1: Estimated worldwide carbon storage by region in gigatons (Gt) 34 Table I(2)-2: … important role in sequestering additional atmospheric carbon for climate change mitigation. The legal research and … process so that biodiversity impacts can be addressed and offset strategically, rather than being dealt with in a …

… . . . . 15 Kenya: Mikoko Pamoja - Community based mangrove carbon offset project in Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . … areas 16 Kenya Mikoko Pamoja: Community based mangrove carbon offset project in Kenya Salim ABDALLA, Mikoko Pamoja …

… forests) provide important ecosystem services such as carbon storage, air regulation, fuelwood, freshwater flow, … freight – which is responsible for much higher levels of carbon emissions per product (FF 2007). Consumer care Over … with other end users, a Net Positive Impact strategy to offset the impacts at the landscape level (IUCN, 2015). …

… of NPI are the rise in government biodiversity offset regulations and the widespread establishment of … backed up by detailed protocols on impact mitigation, offset design and quantitative impact measurement (TBC, … assets on company balance sheets (e.g. by selling forest carbon credits or excess biodiversity credits to other …

… and damages 130 Market-based mechanisms 131 Markets for carbon sequestration 131 Markets for watershed services 132 … pro quo compensation. Best- practice measures designed to offset the impact of conservation activities should C h a p t … poverty reduction. Clearly they can. Initiatives such as carbon transfers and payments for environmental services may, …

… the risk of lake ‘burping’, where large levels of carbon dioxide are released from deep within the lake … that the future of coral reefs is bleak unless atmospheric carbon dioxide levels can be reduced to below 350 parts per … conservation and carbon off-set schemes: Carbon offset and carbon credit trading schemes used to enhance …

… a company may also choose to in- clude adjoining or nearby offset areas that might be managed to compensate for habitat … become valuable for biodiversity. If there is a formal offset area agreed with the relevant author- ities as part of … owned by the company or not. Any area constituting an offset that is based on a less for- mal or voluntary …

… trade, subsidies and credits should be made available to offset the costs of biodiversity conservation in tropical … protein consumed by both rural and urban populations Carbon sequestration The removal and long-term storage of carbon from the atmosphere Certification See forest …

… soils could also be a potentially significant source of carbon emissions. Limited ecosystem productivity in all … in Iraq and the Syrian Arab Republic, however, has offset the loss of biodiversity on the Euphrates river by …