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… within the network must be of sufficient size to minimize adverse impacts from activities outside the protected area (avoiding what is called the “edge effect”). The scale of benefits derived from individual MPAs … and governance arrangements can have a significant effect on network design and manage- ment. In some cases, …

… enhancing landscape connectivity is one way to counter the adverse effects of fragmentation. Pragmatic and theoretical … In south-western Western Australia, for example, a major effect of land clearing for agri- culture has been a … to ensure their long-term sustainability and to minimize adverse effects of harvesting on wildlife habitats; • …