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… in plant and animal ranges, including those of insects and disease vectors.1 Such changes have serious implications for … as “prevention”. Prevention can be “primary”, in which the disease vectors themselves are attacked or controlled, for … to reduce the risk of exposure to a particular illness or disease. Such “secondary” prevention might include the use of …

… livelihoods • Changing crop yields • Spread of livestock disease and pests Asia  alpine glaciers • Permafrost … populations  wheat / maize yields  water-borne disease Oceania  glaciers  snow depth  hydrologic drought … of seabird migration  coral bleaching and changes in disease patterns • Advance timing of wine-grape maturation • …