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… of the Earth’s surface that absorb or scatter radiant energy. Global atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, … of spatial and temporal patterns in temperature, rainfall, solar radiation and winds. The impacts can be described as … of spatial and temporal patterns in temperature, rainfall, solar radiation and winds. The impacts can be described as …

… to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, such as improvement of energy efficiency in power stations, replacement of fossil … land inter-hemispheric mixing regional wind patterns solar irradiation primary emissions extreme weather events … by vehicles and conversion of motor fleets to electric, solar, fuel cell or other alternative means of vehicle power …

… al communities1,2. Their vulnerability stems from the large energy investment they make to  … energy available for their annual migration34.    … sea  surface  temperatures56,57,58,59.  The  extra  energy  required  for  this migration  … ly. This will reduce the albedo of the ice, reflecting less solar  …