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… • Certification schemes should not create obstacles to trade. For the market economy to operate properly, schemes should avoid creating artificial barriers to trade and misleading consumers. • Certification schemes … • Certification should allow and encourage fair trade, avoid creating unnecessary obstacles to trade and not …

… Agricultural Research CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CSOLP … the United Nations GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GMO genetically modified organism GR genetic resource … international flow of genetic resources TRIPS Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights WIPO …